R-loops are non-B DNA structures with intriguing dual consequences for gene expression and genome stability. In addition to their recognized roles in triggering DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), R-loops have recently been demonstrated to accumulate in response to DSBs, especially when induced in transcriptionally active loci. In this review, we discuss whether Rloops actively participate in DSB repair or are detrimental by-products that must be removed to avoid genome instability.